The Complete Guide to What's in Your Vite

What Each Nutrient Does, What Happens Without It, and Why We Use the Good Stuff.

We put 28 vitamins and minerals in every bowl of Vite¹. But here's the thing - most companies use cheap versions that barely work. We use forms that cost 2 - 20x(!) more because they actually get absorbed by your body.

This guide explains what each nutrient does (in an easy to understand way!), what happens when you don't get enough, and why we chose these specific expensive forms over the cheap stuff everyone else uses.

Quick Primer: Vitamins vs Minerals

Vitamins are special nutrients made by plants or animals². Your body needs tiny amounts to work right.

Minerals come from rocks, soil, and water². Plants suck them up, or animals eat the plants. Your body uses them to build things (like calcium in bones) and make things work (like iron carrying oxygen).

What "Organic" Means for Minerals: We're not talking about pesticide-free here. "Organic" minerals are attached to something carbon-based (like an amino acid). Minerals alone have to wait in a long line to get into your body, while organic minerals get a Fast Pass, and they use a different entrance and skip the line!³



Vitamin A

What we use: Retinyl Acetate⁴
What it does:

  • Helps your eyes adjust to darkness (like walking into a movie theater)⁵
  • Keeps your skin healthy and protects the insides of your body⁴
  • Helps your immune system spot and fight germs⁴
  • Controls how your cells grow and change⁴

When you don't get enough:

  • Can't see well when it gets dark (night blindness)⁵
  • Skin gets rough with little bumps⁴
  • Get sick more often because your immune system is weak⁴
  • Really bad cases can cause permanent blindness⁵

Why we pay more for this form: Most companies use beta-carotene because it's cheap and sounds healthy. Here's the problem: only 3% of it actually turns into vitamin A in your body.⁶ Even worse, almost half of all people have genes that stop them from converting it at all.⁶

Our retinyl acetate works for everyone - your body absorbs 70-90% of it no matter what genes you have.⁷ Beta-carotene? You might only use 5-8% of it.⁶ It costs more, but at least it actually works.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

What we use: Thiamine Mononitrate⁸
What it does:

  • Turns the carbs you eat into energy your cells can use⁸
  • Keeps your nerves working properly⁸
  • Helps your muscles listen to your brain⁸
  • Needed to make important brain chemicals⁸

When you don't get enough:

  • Brain fog that even coffee can't fix⁸
  • Pins and needles feeling in your hands and feet⁸
  • Muscles feel weak⁸
  • Feel grumpy and worried all the time⁸
  • Really bad cases: you can lose your memory forever⁸

Why we use this form: Both types of B1 work well, but mononitrate stays good longer and doesn't suck up moisture like a sponge. Since our broth packets might sit in your pantry for months, we use the form that won't go bad.⁸

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

What we use: Riboflavin⁹
What it does:

  • Powers up your cells' energy factories⁹
  • Helps turn on other B vitamins⁹
  • Keeps your skin and eyes healthy⁹
  • Helps make red blood cells⁹

When you don't get enough:

  • Cracks show up at the corners of your mouth⁹
  • Your tongue turns bright magenta (yes, really!)⁹
  • Skin around your nose gets oily but also flaky⁹
  • Bright lights hurt your eyes⁹
  • Feel tired even after a full night's sleep⁹

Why this form: Good news - riboflavin is already the best form. Everyone uses it because there's nothing better.⁹

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

What we use: Niacinamide¹⁰
What it does:

  • Fixes DNA damage from everyday life¹⁰
  • Turns your food into energy¹⁰
  • Makes important hormones¹⁰
  • Helps lower bad cholesterol¹⁰

When you don't get enough:

  • Rough, dark patches show up on skin that sees the sun¹¹
  • Your tongue gets bright red and swollen¹¹
  • Bathroom problems (diarrhea)¹¹
  • Your brain gets confused¹¹
  • Really bad cases: the scary "4 Ds" - diarrhea, skin problems (dermatitis), confusion (dementia), and death¹¹

Why we pay more for this form: Regular niacin causes "niacin flush" - your face burns, itches, and turns red like you're super embarrassed.¹⁰ Niacinamide gives you all the good stuff without the unwanted face-fire. Your face should only turn red from the spice level you picked, not your vitamins.¹⁰

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

What we use: Calcium D-Pantothenate¹²
What it does:

  • Makes Coenzyme A (which your body needs for almost everything)¹²
  • Creates stress and sex hormones¹²
  • Breaks down fats, proteins, and carbs for energy¹²
  • Helps make red blood cells¹²

When you don't get enough:

  • Burning feet syndrome (your feet feel like they're on fire, especially at night)¹²
  • Feel super tired all the time¹²
  • Feel sad and depressed¹²
  • Stomach hurts¹²
  • Get sick more often¹²

Why we pay more for this form: The cheaper sodium form falls apart too easily. Since our nutrients go in the broth packets (not the noodles), they need to survive sitting on a shelf. The calcium form stays stable so you get real B5, not expensive dust.¹²

Vitamin B6

What we use: Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate (P5P)¹³
What it does:

  • Makes happy brain chemicals like serotonin and dopamine¹³
  • Helps your body use protein¹³
  • Forms red blood cells¹³
  • Keeps your immune system strong¹³

When you don't get enough:

  • Feel depressed and moody¹³
  • Lips crack and mouth corners split¹³
  • Tongue gets swollen and super smooth¹³
  • Get sick easily¹³
  • Hands and feet go numb or tingly¹³

Why we pay more for this form: Most companies use pyridoxine HCl - it's cheap but your body has to change it into the active form. Problem is, lots of people don't have enough of the enzyme to do this.¹³ Our P5P is already activated and ready to work. It's like the difference between giving you flour to make bread versus giving you actual bread. Costs way more, but works for everyone.¹³

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

What we use: Biotin¹⁴
What it does:

  • Helps read your genetic code¹⁴
  • Breaks down fats, carbs, and proteins¹⁴
  • Keeps your hair and nails strong¹⁴
  • Important for turning genes on and off¹⁴

When you don't get enough:

  • Hair falls out in patches¹⁴
  • Nails get brittle and break easily¹⁴
  • Red, scaly rash around your eyes, nose, and mouth¹⁴
  • Feel depressed¹⁴
  • Really bad cases: you might see or hear things that aren't there¹⁴

Why this form: Biotin is biotin - there's only one kind. We use a form that mixes well in our formula and stays stable.¹⁴

Vitamin B9 (Folate)

What we use: Calcium-L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (that's a mouthful!)¹⁵
What it does:

  • Helps cells split and copy themselves correctly¹⁵
  • Makes DNA and RNA (your body's instruction manuals)¹⁵
  • Forms red blood cells¹⁵
  • Super important for babies growing in the womb¹⁵

When you don't get enough:

  • Feel extremely tired¹⁵
  • Get painful sores in your mouth¹⁵
  • Hair turns gray way too early¹⁵
  • Red blood cells get too big to work right¹⁵
  • Babies can be born with serious problems if mom doesn't get enough¹⁵

Why we pay more for this form: This is really important. Most companies use folic acid because it's 10 times cheaper. But here's the thing: about 40% of people have a gene problem (called MTHFR mutation) that means they literally cannot process folic acid.¹⁵ The unused folic acid builds up in their blood and can cause problems.¹⁶

Our methylfolate costs way more but works for everyone - no genetic lottery needed. It's already in the form your body uses.¹⁶

Vitamin B12

What we use: Methylcobalamin¹⁷
What it does:

  • Protects the coating on your nerves (like plastic around electrical wires)¹⁷
  • Makes red blood cells¹⁷
  • Builds DNA¹⁷
  • Keeps your brain working properly¹⁷

When you don't get enough:

  • Deep tiredness that's different from just being sleepy¹⁷
  • Hands and feet go numb or tingly¹⁷
  • Memory gets worse¹⁷
  • Hard time walking straight¹⁷
  • Can cause permanent nerve damage if it goes on too long¹⁷

Why we pay more for this form: Most use cyanocobalamin because it's cheap and lasts forever on the shelf. But it's fake B12 that your body has to convert to the real thing.¹⁷ Our methylcobalamin is already in the active form and stays in your body longer. More expensive, but no conversion needed.¹⁷

Vitamin C

What we use: Ascorbic Acid¹⁸
What it does:

  • Makes collagen (the glue that holds your body together)¹⁸
  • Powers up your immune system¹⁸
  • Works as an antioxidant (protects cells from damage)¹⁸
  • Helps pull iron out of your food¹⁸

When you don't get enough:

  • Your gums bleed¹⁸
  • You bruise from barely bumping into things¹⁸
  • Cuts won't heal properly¹⁸
  • Hair grows in weird corkscrew shapes¹⁸
  • Scurvy (remember pirates? Their teeth fell out because they had no vitamin C!)¹⁸

Why this form: Sometimes the basic form is already the best. Ascorbic acid is pure vitamin C, simple as that.¹⁸

Vitamin D

What we use: Ergocalciferol (D2)¹⁹
What it does:

  • Helps pull calcium from food into your body¹⁹
  • Builds and keeps bones strong¹⁹
  • Supports your immune system¹⁹
  • Affects your mood (why people get sad in winter)¹⁹

When you don't get enough:

  • Bones hurt and feel weak¹⁹
  • Kids: bones go soft and bend (called rickets)¹⁹
  • Adults: bones get soft (called osteomalacia)¹⁹
  • Feel depressed, especially in winter¹⁹
  • Get sick more often¹⁹

Why we use this (more expensive) form: D3 works better but comes from sheep's wool - not vegan. We have lots of vegan customers, so we use high-quality vegan D2 and add extra to match what D3 does.¹⁹ Costs more than cheap D2, but we're not leaving our vegan friends with weak bones.¹⁹

Vitamin E

What we use: RRR-α-Tocopheryl Acetate (natural vitamin E)²⁰
What it does:

  • Protects your cells from damage (like rust protection for your body)²⁰
  • Acts as a powerful antioxidant²⁰
  • Helps your immune system work²⁰
  • Helps form red blood cells²⁰

When you don't get enough:

  • Muscles get weak²⁰
  • Vision problems²⁰
  • Immune system doesn't work well²⁰
  • Trouble walking²⁰
  • Nerves in hands and feet get damaged²⁰

Why we pay more for this form: Synthetic vitamin E (the DL-form) is a mix of 8 different shapes - only 1 actually works in your body.²⁰ Natural vitamin E (our RRR-form) is way more powerful because it's the exact shape your body recognizes. Costs a lot more, but you get what you pay for.²⁰

Vitamin K

What we use: Phylloquinone (K1) AND MK-7 (K2)²¹,²²
What it does:

  • Makes your blood clot when you get cut²¹
  • Sends calcium to your bones (not your arteries where it causes problems)²¹
  • Turns on proteins that do various jobs²¹
  • Keeps bones strong²¹

When you don't get enough:

  • Bleed too much from small cuts²¹
  • Bruise super easily²¹
  • Women get heavy periods²¹
  • Blood shows up where it shouldn't (in pee or poop)²¹
  • Babies without enough can have bleeding in their brain²¹

Why we pay more for BOTH forms: Most companies use just K1 (if they use any at all). But K1 only helps with blood clotting and only lasts 8 hours in your body.²¹ K2 (specifically MK-7) lasts 68 hours and makes sure calcium goes to your bones instead of clogging up your arteries.²² Using both costs way more than just K1, but your bones and heart are worth it.²²

Choline

What we use: Choline Bitartrate²³
What it does:

  • Makes acetylcholine (the memory brain chemical)²³
  • Keeps your liver from getting fatty²³
  • Maintains the walls of all your cells²³
  • Super important for baby brain development²³
  • Helps you focus and think clearly²³

When you don't get enough:

  • Memory problems²³
  • Fatty liver (even if you don't drink alcohol)²³
  • Muscles get damaged²³
  • Blood vessels get damaged²³
  • Brain fog²³

Why we include this: Technically, your body can make tiny amounts of choline, so it's not 100% "essential." But 93% of adults don't get enough, and it's super important for brain health.²⁴ Most companies skip it completely. We include it because doing things right matters more than saving money.²⁴

Calcium

What we use: Tricalcium Phosphate²⁵
What it does:

  • Builds bones and teeth²⁵
  • Makes your muscles squeeze (contract)²⁵
  • Helps nerves send messages²⁵
  • Lets blood clot properly²⁵

When you don't get enough:

  • Muscle cramps²⁵
  • Numbness and tingling²⁵
  • Bones get weak and break easily²⁵
  • Teeth problems²⁵
  • Your body steals calcium from bones to keep your heart beating²⁵

Why we pay more for this form: Calcium carbonate (the cheap stuff) needs stomach acid to work. Lots of people don't make enough stomach acid.²⁵ Plus, calcium carbonate can cause gas and bloating²⁵ when it reacts with your stomach acid, tastes chalky and gritty, and can contribute to kidney stones if you use too much.²⁵

Our form absorbs without needing stomach acid, gives you phosphorus too, and doesn't taste like chalk. No tummy troubles.²⁵

Chromium

What we use: Chromium Picolinate²⁶
What it does:

  • Helps insulin move sugar from blood into cells²⁶
  • Supports your metabolism²⁶
  • May help control blood sugar²⁶
  • Helps build proteins²⁶

When you don't get enough:

  • Blood sugar goes crazy²⁶
  • Always feel hungry²⁶
  • Super tired all the time²⁶
  • Feel anxious²⁶
  • Cuts heal slowly²⁶

Why we pay more for this form: Chromium chloride (the cheap inorganic form) has about 0.5% absorption, which means that basically nothing gets in.²⁶ Picolinate (organic form attached to picolinic acid) absorbs about 10 times better!²⁶ 

Copper

What we use: Copper Bisglycinate Chelate²⁷

What it does:

  • Helps your body use iron²⁷
  • Makes connective tissue (holds you together)²⁷
  • Produces energy in cells²⁷
  • Supports immune system²⁷

When you don't get enough:

  • Anemia (even if you have enough iron)²⁷
  • Skin looks pale²⁷
  • Always feel cold²⁷
  • Bones get brittle²⁷
  • Get sick often²⁷

Why we pay more for this form: Copper sulfate (the inorganic form) upsets stomachs and fights with zinc for absorption.²⁷ Our chelated form is wrapped in amino acids. Think of it like giving copper its own special entrance into your body instead of making it fight through the mineral traffic jam. Each mineral gets its own lane.²⁷

Iodine

What we use: Potassium Iodide²⁸

What it does:

  • Makes thyroid hormones²⁸
  • Controls how fast your body burns energy (metabolism)²⁸
  • Regulates body temperature²⁸
  • Super important for brain development²⁸

When you don't get enough:

  • Goiter (your neck swells up)²⁸
  • Always tired²⁸
  • Gain weight easily²⁸
  • Always feel cold²⁸
  • Babies born to moms without enough can have serious brain problems²⁸

Why potassium iodide is best: It's the most stable form that your body can actually use.²⁸ Some companies use kelp or other "natural" sources, but those are all over the place in how much iodine they have. Potassium iodide gives exact amounts every time and absorbs at over 95%.²⁸ When it comes to your thyroid, consistency matters.

Iron

What we use: From enriched wheat flour and quinoa²⁹

What it does:

  • Carries oxygen in your blood²⁹
  • Makes hemoglobin (the red in red blood cells)²⁹
  • Produces energy²⁹
  • Supports immune system²⁹

When you don't get enough:

  • Tired all the time, even after sleeping²⁹
  • Skin and nail beds look pale²⁹
  • Get out of breath easily²⁹
  • Weird cravings (like wanting to eat ice, dirt, or starch)²⁹
  • Legs feel restless at night²⁹

Why we use food sources: Iron supplements are famous for causing:

  • Constipation²⁹
  • Nausea²⁹
  • Everything tastes like metal²⁹
  • Poop turns black²⁹
  • Stomach pain²⁹

Our iron comes naturally from enriched wheat flour and quinoa, which means your stomach handles it better! Sometimes, even the organic forms can cause stomach troubles, so not having to add it to our ramen helps keep it more accessible for everyone!²⁹

Magnesium

What we use: Magnesium Citrate³⁰

What it does:

  • Turns on over 300 enzymes in your body³⁰
  • Relaxes muscles³⁰
  • Calms nerves³⁰
  • Helps make energy³⁰

When you don't get enough:

  • Muscle cramps (especially at night)³⁰
  • Feel anxious³⁰
  • Can't sleep³⁰
  • Heart beats weird³⁰
  • Get migraines³⁰

Why we don't use glycinate (even though TikTok loves it): Yes, magnesium glycinate is super popular right now. But glycine (the amino acid it's attached to) can make people tired, and sleepy... which is great for bedtime pills, but not so great for lunch.³⁰ Here's how different forms compare:

  • Magnesium Oxide: Only 4% gets absorbed (basically just gives you diarrhea)³⁰
  • Magnesium Glycinate: Good absorption but can make you drowsy³⁰
  • Magnesium Citrate: Up to 7.5x better absorption than Oxide, no sleepiness, easy on the stomach³⁰

We chose citrate because nutrients should give you energy, not send you to nap time.³⁰

Manganese

What we use: Manganese Bisglycinate Chelate³¹

What it does:

  • Forms bones and cartilage³¹
  • Helps wounds heal³¹
  • Processes carbs for energy³¹
  • Acts as an antioxidant³¹

When you don't get enough:

  • Bones don't grow right³¹
  • Joints hurt³¹
  • Blood sugar problems³¹
  • Skin rashes³¹
  • Trouble having babies³¹

Why we pay more for this form: Regular manganese fights with iron to get absorbed, since they both want to use the same door.³¹ "Chelated" means the mineral is wrapped in amino acids, like putting it in a protective bubble. This gives it a different door to use, so iron and manganese don't have to fight. Both get in properly.³¹

Molybdenum

What we use: Molybdenum Glycinate Chelate³²

What it does:

  • Breaks down certain proteins³²
  • Processes toxins³²
  • Helps make uric acid³²
  • Turns on important enzymes³²

When you don't get enough:

  • Heart beats too fast³²
  • Headaches³²
  • Can't see well at night³²
  • Brain gets confused³²
  • React badly to sulfites in food³²

Why we include this: Most companies don't even bother with molybdenum. You only need tiny amounts, so why include it?³² Because when we say “nutritionally complete,” we MEAN nutritionally complete. Not "mostly complete." Not "complete enough." Actually complete. Even if you've never heard of molybdenum, your body needs it. That's what doing things right looks like.³²

Phosphorus

What we use: From Tricalcium Phosphate³³

What it does:

  • Teams up with calcium to build bones³³
  • Stores and uses energy (makes ATP - your body's battery)³³
  • Helps kidneys work³³
  • Makes muscles contract³³

When you don't get enough:

  • Bones hurt³³
  • Muscles feel weak³³
  • Brain gets confused³³
  • Hard to breathe³³
  • Red blood cells can pop like bubbles³³

Why this form vs others: Most companies use cheap sodium phosphate (can mess up your sodium balance).³³ We use tricalcium phosphate because it gives you calcium and phosphorus in the perfect 2:1 ratio³³, it’s more stable than other forms, and it actually matches what your bones need.

Potassium

What we use: Potassium Citrate and Potassium Chloride³⁴

What it does:

  • Balances fluids with sodium³⁴
  • Makes muscles contract (especially your heart!)³⁴
  • Sends nerve signals³⁴
  • Keeps blood pressure healthy³⁴

When you don't get enough:

  • Muscles get weak and cramp up³⁴
  • Can't poop (constipation)³⁴
  • Heart skips beats³⁴
  • Super tired all the time³⁴
  • Hard to breathe (your diaphragm is a muscle too!)³⁴

Why we use two forms: Most people only get half the potassium they need. Getting enough is hard, and you need a lot (4,700mg every day).³⁴ We use both citrate (gentle and absorbs well) and potassium chloride. Fun fact: potassium chloride can make things taste more salty without adding sodium!³⁴

Selenium

What we use: Selenium Glycinate Complex (NEW in v3.1!)³⁵

What it does:

  • Powers up your antioxidant systems³⁵
  • Helps your thyroid work³⁵
  • Boosts immune system³⁵
  • Might protect against some cancers³⁵

When you don't get enough:

  • Muscles feel weak³⁵
  • Hair falls out³⁵
  • Get sick easily³⁵
  • Brain fog³⁵
  • Heart muscle can get damaged³⁵

Why we switched forms for v3.1: We used to use L-selenomethionine because it absorbed the best. Then we found out some people have a gene that makes this form smell terrible to them.³⁵ Customers described it as smelling like "pennies," "musty hotel," or "wet dog." We thought we'd fixed all smell problems when we got rid of gluconates in v3.0. Nope!

Our new selenium glycinate still absorbs great (90%)³⁵, and doesn't smell like wet dog to anyone³⁵. Sometimes the “best” option... isn’t actually the best.

Sodium

What we use: Salt and natural sodium from ingredients³⁶

What it does:

  • Balances fluids in your body³⁶
  • Makes nerves and muscles work (including your heart)³⁶
  • Helps absorb other nutrients³⁶
  • Maintains blood pressure³⁶

When you don't get enough:

  • Muscle cramps³⁶
  • Feel sick to your stomach³⁶
  • Get confused and have headaches³⁶
  • Really bad cases: seizures³⁶
  • Yes, too little sodium is actually dangerous!³⁶

Why our approach is different: Most "healthy" products brag about being low-sodium. But our Core flavors have 33% of what you need daily, exactly right for 1 of your 3 meals.³⁶ That’s because sodium IS an essential nutrient, something our bodies crave because it was so hard to get in the wild when we were still living in caves! You still need sodium after sweating, and low sodium is just as bad as too much. Balance matters! ³⁶

(We also make "Flavor Unlocked" versions for people who don't need to watch sodium)

Zinc

What we use: Zinc Glycinate Chelate³⁷

What it does:

  • Turns on over 100 enzymes³⁷
  • Supports immune system³⁷
  • Heals wounds³⁷
  • Lets you taste and smell³⁷

When you don't get enough:

  • Food tastes bland³⁷
  • Cuts won't heal³⁷
  • Always getting sick³⁷
  • Hair falls out³⁷
  • Diarrhea³⁷

Why we pay more for this form: Zinc oxide is great for sunscreen but terrible for eating. It barely absorbs and upsets your stomach.³⁷ Our glycinate form absorbs 43% better and doesn't hurt your tummy. Because zinc should help your immune system, not hurt your stomach.³⁷

The Bottom Line

We spend 4-6 times more on nutrients because we care about what happens after you eat them. Cheap forms might look good on the label, but they don't work in your body.

Every choice we make comes from one belief: nutrients should actually nourish you, not just decorate our label. From methylated B vitamins for people with gene problems, to chelated minerals that really get absorbed, to switching selenium because some people smelled wet dog - we always choose what works over what's cheap.

Because what's the point of adding 28 vitamins and minerals if they end up in the toilet instead of your cells?

That's why we use the good stuff. Every. Single. Time.

Complete Reference List for Vite Ramen Nutrient Guide

NOTE: These are all linked in an attempt to make them as accessible as possible. We acknowledge there are better citations we could make, but citing a textbook that no one can access also kind of sucks. We have to make compromises on that. Some of them we do still have links to summaries or abstracts of it. Yes, there are sometimes multiple links in a single citation. I really, really didn't want to re-do everything again sometimes. I'll fix it someday... maybe
  1. 28 Essential Nutrients: Institute of Medicine. (1998). Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/6015
  2. Vitamin vs Mineral Definitions: Gropper, S. S., & Smith, J. L. (2018). Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
  3. Organic vs Inorganic Mineral Forms: Ashmead, H. D. (2012). Amino Acid Chelation in Human and Animal Nutrition. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11533
  4. Vitamin A Functions:
    Maxfield, L., & Crane, J. S. (2024). Vitamin A Deficiency. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493187/
  5. Night Blindness: Sommer, A., & Davidson, F. R. (2002). Assessment and control of vitamin A deficiency: the Annecy Accords. Journal of Nutrition, 132(9), 2845S-2850S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.9.2845S
  6. Leung, W. C., et al. (2009). Two common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding beta-carotene 15,15'-monoxygenase alter beta-carotene metabolism in female volunteers. FASEB Journal, 23(4), 1041-1053. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23685254_Two_common_single_nucleotide_polymorphisms_in_the_gene_encoding_-carotene_1515'-monoxygenase_alter_-carotene_metabolism_in_female_volunteers
  7. Office of Dietary Supplements. (n.d.). Vitamin A and Carotenoids - Health Professional Fact Sheet. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved June 7, 2025, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/
  8. Sriram, K., & Manzanares, W. (2024). Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537204/
  9. Linus Pauling Institute. (n.d.). Riboflavin. Oregon State University. Retrieved June 7, 2025, from https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/riboflavin
  10. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. (n.d.). Nicotinamide. Retrieved June 7, 2025, from https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/nicotinamide
  11. Pellagra & 4 Ds: Hegyi, J., et al. (2004). Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. International Journal of Dermatology, 43(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.01959.
  12. Office of Dietary Supplements. (n.d.). Pantothenic Acid - Health Professional Fact Sheet. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved June 7, 2025, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/PantothenicAcid-HealthProfessional/ -
    US2555463A. (n.d.). Stabilized sodium pantothenate composition. Google Patents. Retrieved June 7, 2025, from https://patents.google.com/patent/US2555463A/en
  13. Office of Dietary Supplements. (n.d.). Vitamin B6 - Health Professional Fact Sheet. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved June 7, 2025, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/
  14. Biotin Functions: Zempleni, J., & Mock, D. M. (1999). Biotin biochemistry and human requirements. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 10(3), 128-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(98)00095-3
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  48. Scurvy Symptoms: Maxfield, L., & Crane, J. S. (2023). Vitamin C Deficiency. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493187/
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